Online optimal flux-weakening control of permanent-magnet brushless AC drives

An enhanced online optimal control strategy, which maximizes the flux-weakening performance of a brushless AC motor, is described, and applied to motors having different rotor topologies: interior (radial or circumferential), inset, and surface-mounted magnet. It enables the maximum inherent power capability of a brushless AC motor to be achieved independent of any variation in its parameters, and facilitates maximum efficiency over the entire speed range. It also results in good transient dynamic performance, since it is coupled with feedforward vector control based on optimal current profiles

Iron loss in permanent-magnet brushless AC machines under maximum torque per ampere and flux weakening control

The airgap flux density distribution, flux density loci in the stator core, and the associated iron loss in two topologies of brushless AC motor, having a surface-mounted magnet rotor and an interior-mounted magnet rotor, respectively, are investigated when operated under maximum torque per ampere control in the constant torque mode and maximum power control in the flux-weakening mode. It is shown that whilst the interior magnet topology is known to be eminently suitable for flux-weakening operation, due to its high demagnetization withstand capability, its iron loss can be significantly higher than for a surface-mounted magnet machine

Calculation of d- and q-axis inductances of PM brushless ac machines accounting for Skew

A hybrid two-dimensional (2-D) finite-element/analytical technique is described for predicting the d-axis and q-axis inductances of permanent magnet (PM) brushless ac machines, with due account for the influence of skew. Predicted inductances are compared with measured values for two machines having identical stators, which are skewed by one slot-pitch, but which have different rotor topologies, one having surface-mounted magnets and the other having interior magnets

Above- and below-ground competition in high and low irradiance: tree seedling responses to a competing liana Byttneria grandifolia

Abstract: In tropical forests, trees compete not only with other trees, but also with lianas, which may limit tree growth and regeneration. Liana effects may depend on the availability of above- and below-ground resources and differ between tree species. We conducted a shade house experiment to test the effect of light (4% and 35% full sun, using neutral-density screen) on the competitive interactions between seedlings of one liana (Byttneria grandifolia) and three tree species (two shade-tolerant trees, Litsea dilleniifolia and Pometia tomentosa, and one light-demanding tree, Bauhinia variegata) and to evaluate the contribution of both above- and below-ground competition. Trees were grown in four competition treatments with the liana: no competition, root competition, shoot competition and root and shoot competition. Light strongly affected leaf photosynthetic capacity (light-saturated photosynthetic rate, Pn), growth and most morphological traits of the tree species. Liana-induced competition resulted in reduced Pn, total leaf areas and relative growth rates (RGR) of the three tree species. The relative importance of above- and below-ground competition differed between the two light levels. In low light, RGR of the three tree species was reduced more strongly by shoot competition (23.1¿28.7% reduction) than by root competition (5.3¿26.4%). In high light, in contrast, root competition rather than shoot competition greatly reduced RGR. Liana competition affected most morphological traits (except for specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of Litsea and Pometia), and differentially altered patterns of biomass allocation in the tree seedlings. These findings suggest that competition from liana seedlings can greatly suppress growth in tree seedlings of both light-demanding and shade-tolerant species and those effects differ with competition type (below- and above-ground) and with irradianc

Performance of Halbach magnetized brushless AC motors

The steady-state performance of Halbach magnetized brushless ac machines when operated in constant torque and flux-weakening modes is investigated both theoretically and experimentally, with particular emphasis on the influence of cross-coupling magnetic saturation on the torque capability

Influence of skew and cross-coupling on flux-weakening performance of permanent-magnet brushless AC machines

A method is proposed for predicting the flux-weakening performance of permanent-magnet (PM) brushless ac machines accounting for skew and d-q axis cross-coupling. The method is based on a d-q-axis flux-linkage model, a hybrid 2-D finite-element (FE)-analytical method being used to predict the d- and q-axis inductances. However, it only requires 2-D FE analysis of the magnetic field distribution over a cross section of the machine. The developed method is used to predict the torque-speed characteristic of an interior PM brushless ac machine with one stator slot-pitch skew. This is compared with predictions from a direct FE analysis of the machine and validated by measurements

Word-representability of face subdivisions of triangular grid graphs

A graph G = (V, E) is word-representable if there exists a word w over the alphabet V such that letters x and y alternate in w if and only if (x, y) ∈ E. A triangular grid graph is a subgraph of a tiling of the plane with equilateral triangles defined by a finite number of triangles, called cells. A face subdivision of a triangular grid graph is replacing some of its cells by plane copies of the complete graph K4. Inspired by a recent elegant result of Akrobotu et al., who classified wordrepresentable triangulations of grid graphs related to convex polyominoes, we characterize word-representable face subdivisions of triangular grid graphs. A key role in the characterization is played by smart orientations introduced by us in this paper. As a corollary to our main result, we obtain that any face subdivision of boundary triangles in the Sierpi´nski gasket graph is wordrepresentable

Lower bounds, and exact enumeration in particular cases, for the probability of existence of a universal cycle or a universal word for a set of words

A universal cycle, or u-cycle, for a given set of words is a circular word that contains each word from the set exactly once as a contiguous subword. The celebrated de Bruijn sequences are a particular case of such a u-cycle, where a set in question is the set A^n of all words of length n over a k-letter alphabet A. A universal word, or u-word, is a linear, i.e., non-circular, version of thuniversal cycle; u-cycle; universal word; u-word; de Bruijn sequencee notion of a u-cycle, and it is defined similarly. Removing some words in A^n may, or may not, result in a set of words for which u-cycle, or u-word, exists. The goal of this paper is to study the probability of existence of the universal objects in such a situation. We give lower bounds for the probability in general cases, and also derive explicit answers for the case of removing up to two words in A^n, or the case when k = 2 and n ≤ 4

On-load demagnetization effect of high-coercive-force PMs in switched flux hybrid magnet memory machine

In the previous researches of hybrid magnet memory motors (HMMMs), the demagnetization characteristics of low-coercive-force (LCF) magnets have been already investigated extensively. Nevertheless, the possible irreversible demagnetization of high-coercive-force (HCF) magnets remains unexplored hitherto. In this paper, the demagnetization behaviour of HCF magnets in switched flux hybrid magnet memory machines (SF-HMMMs) accounting for the high-level current pulse is revealed and investigated. A simplified magnetic circuit model is built to illustrate when and how the DC current pulse poses the risk of irreversible demagnetization to the HCF magnets. Furthermore, the influences of temperature, DC current amplitude and HCF magnet thickness on the irreversible demagnetization effect of HCF magnets in the investigated SF-HMMM are analyzed based on finite-element (FE) analyses. The theoretical and FE results are experimentally verified by the tests on an SF-HMMM prototype